Even after more than 50 years of Independence India still has the world's largest number of poor people in a single country. Of its nearly 1 billion inhabitants, as estimated 260.3 million are below the poverty line, of which 193.2 million are in the rural areas and 67.1 million are in urban areas. More than 75% of poor people reside in villages. Poverty level is not uniform across India. The poverty level is below 10% in States like Delhi, Goa and Punjab etc., whereas it is below 50% in Bihar and Orissa It is between 30-40% in Northeastern States of Assam, Tripura and Meghalaya and in Southern States of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. The main causes of urban poverty are predominantly due to impoverishment of rural peasantry that forces them to move out of villages to seek some subsistence living in the towns and cities. In this process, they even lose the open space or habitat they had in villages albeit without food and other basic amenities. When they come to cities, they get access to some food though other sanitary facilities including clean water supply still elude them. And they have to stay in the habitats that place them under sub human conditions. While a select few have standards of living comparable to the richest in the world, the majority fails to get two meals a day. The causes of rural poverty are manifold including inadequate and ineffective implementation of antipoverty programmes. The overdependence on monsoon with non-availability of irrigational facilities often result in crop-failure and low agricultural productivity forcing farmers in the debt-traps. The rural communities tend to spend large percentage of annual earnings on social ceremonies like marriage, feast etc. Our economic development since Independence has been lopsided. There has been increase in unemployment creating poverty like situations for many. Population is growing at an alarming rate. The size of the Indian family is relatively bigger averaging at 4.2. The other causes include dominance of caste system which forces the individual to stick to the traditional and hereditary occupations. Since the 1970s the Indian Government has made poverty reduction a priority in its development planning. Policies have focused on improving the poor standard of living by ensuring food security, promoting self-employment through greater access to assets, increasing wage employment and improving access to basic social services. The Jawahar Rozgar Yojana a national public works scheme launched in 1989 with financing from the central and state governments, provides more than 700 million person days of work a year about of total employment for people with few opportunities for employment. The scheme has two components a programme to provide low-cost housing and one to supply free irrigation wells to poor and marginalized farmers. The public works scheme is self-targeting. Since it offers
employment at the statutory minimum wage for unskilled manual labour, only those willing to accept very low wages the poor are likely to enrol in the scheme. By providing regular employment and thereby increasing the bargaining power of all rural workers, the public works scheme has had a significant effect in reducing poverty. It has also contributed to the construction of rural infrastructure (irrigation works, a soil conservation project, drinking water supply). Evaluations show that 82% of available funds have been channelled to community development projects. Targeting was improved in 1996 when the housing and irrigation well components were delinked and focused exclusively on people below the poverty line. The Indian State has realised its responsibilities towards its citizens over the last few years. The State has move but to many areas and the process has been started with economic liberalization. The process of decentralization devolute lot more powers, both functional and financial, to panchayats. The lack of transparency and accountability has hampered our economic development at all levels. The problem of poverty persists because of a number of leakages in the system which has to be plugged by new laws have to ensure more accountability. Bodies like the Planning Commission should be modified into new constitutional bodies that can hold Governments accountable for their failure to implement development programmes. A strong system of incentives and disincentives also needs to be introduced. The encouragement of non-governmental organizations and private sector individuals in tackling poverty is imperative, as the state cannot do everything.

1. India has the world's largest number of poor people, justify.

2. What are the main causes of urban poverty

3. What measures are taken by Indian Government for poverty reduction

4. Briefly outline the objectives of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.

5. What is Public Works Scheme Explain its role in reducing poverty.

7. Anthropometric Indices.

8. Standardized recipe

9. Job specification

10. Effect of dry heat on cereals.

11. Feedback in Management Process.

12. Importance of communication for effective management.

13. Characteristics of Resources.

14. Result Demonstration.

15. Entrepreneurship

16. Developmental Scaffolding

17. Emotional Quotient.

18. Sanforization.

19. Thread Count

20. Resist Printing

21. Discuss the effect of heat, acid and enzyme on milk.

22. Discuss the role of Biotechnology in combating micro-nutrient malnutrition.

23. How does the process of ageing affect the nutritional requirements of the elderly

24. Discuss the role of mid-day meal programmes in school.

25. Discuss the importance of Nutritional Anthropometry in assessment of nutritional status.

21. Discuss the strategies to be adopted to evolve a food service unit by an entrepreneur.

22. How do you ensure food safety in a food service unit

23. Discuss the measures that have to be adopted to check spiralling costs in a food service unit.

24. What are dietary principles for planning diet for a nephrotic syndrome patient

25. Discuss the role of physical activity in reducing the risk of life style related diseases.

21. A girl who lost her father in childhood and was raised by her mother only. Explain her human ecological environment. What will be your suggestions for her personality development for her to lead a normal life

22. How emotions, beliefs, values and self-esteem affect achievement and motivation Justify your answer with appropriate examples.

23. 'Multiple intelligence approach is the best.' If you are a teacher, how will you justify this statement Give examples to strengthen your answer.

24. Explain the role of pairs in children's socialization. How pairs can be used as reinforcers for desired behaviour

25. What are the various reasons of adolescent's conflict in the family Suggest the strategies to resolve these conflicts.

21. Write down the various stages of dyeing. Explain any two in detail.

22. What is polymerization Explain manufacturing process of polyester fibre.

23. Enlist the Indian traditional textiles. Explain the important characteristics of Banaras Brocade.

24. Only wool fibres undergo felting shrinkage. Explain.

25. Discuss the various problems faced by the consumers while buying textiles and readymade garments.

21. Why time management is important What factors should be considered in making a time plan Explain giving examples.

22. Is consumer a king in an economy Discuss. How does knowledge of Consumer Rights and Consumer Protection Act helps in becoming an intelligent consumer and protect one from cheating in market. Explain.

23. Are work, worker and workplace interrelated Justify. Explain what do you understand by functional arrangement of workplaces.

24. 'Family operates in isolation and is not affected by environment.' State youragreement/disagreement citing examples.

25. What factors affect the use of resources Suggest guidelines to increase satisfaction from use of resources citing examples.

21. Define innovation and write the factors which affect innovation.

22. Explain the elements of communication.

23. What is an Adoption Write the classification of Adopters.

24. Discuss the role of Panchayats in the development of rural women.

25. Explain participatory mapping modelling with its merits and demerits.

26. Home Science to be made more job oriented in the current global economy. Discuss.

27. Discuss the role of women entrepreneurship in national development.