Exam Details

Subject international and area studies
Paper paper 3
Exam / Course ugc net national eligibility test
Department
Organization university grants commission
Position
Exam Date 01, June, 2011
City, State ,


Question Paper

PAPER-III

INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUDIES Signature and Name of Invigilator
1.
(Signature)

(Name) Roll No.


2.
(Signature) (In figures as per admission card) (Name)




J 9 0 1 1

Roll (In words)
Time 2 1/2 hours] [Maximum Marks 200
Number of Pages in this Booklet 32 Number of Questions in this Booklet 19

Instructions for the Candidates

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1.
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2.
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3.
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4.
†®¤ü¸ü פüµÖê ÝÖµÖê ×®Ö¤ìü¿ÖÖë ÛúÖê ¬µÖÖ®Ö¯Öæ¾ÖÔÛú ¯ÖœÌëü …

5.
ˆ¢Ö¸ü-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ Ûêú †®ŸÖ ´Öë Ûú""ÖÖ ÛúÖ´Ö (Rough Work) Ûú¸ü®Öê Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ´Ö滵ÖÖÓÛú®Ö ¿Öß™ü ÃÖê ¯ÖÆü»Öê ‹Ûú ¯Öéšü פüµÖÖ Æãü†Ö Æîü …

6.
µÖפü †Ö¯Ö ˆ¢Ö¸ü-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ¯Ö¸ü ×®ÖµÖŸÖ Ã£ÖÖ®Ö Ûêú †»ÖÖ¾ÖÖ †¯Ö®ÖÖ ¸üÖê»Ö ±úÖê®Ö ®Ö´²Ö¸ü µÖÖ ÛúÖê‡Ô ³Öß ‹êÃÖÖ ×"ÖÅ®Ö ×•ÖÃÖÃÖê †Ö¯ÖÛúß ¯ÖÆü"ÖÖ®Ö ÆüÖê ÃÖÛêú, †Ó×ÛúŸÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê Æïü †£Ö¾ÖÖ †³Ö¦ü ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ÛúÖ ¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê µÖÖ ÛúÖê‡Ô †®µÖ †®Öã×"ÖŸÖ ÃÖÖ¬Ö®Ö ÛúÖ ¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê ŸÖÖê ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ Ûêú ×»ÖµÖê †µÖÖêÝµÖ 'ÖÖê×ÂÖŸÖ ×ÛúµÖê •ÖÖ ÃÖÛúŸÖê Æïü …

7.
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8.
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9.
×ÛúÃÖß ³Öß ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü ÛúÖ ÃÖÓÝÖÞÖÛú (Ûêú»ÖÛãú»Öê™ü¸ü) µÖÖ »ÖÖòÝÖ ™êü²Ö»Ö †Öפü ÛúÖ ¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ ¾ÖÙ•ÖŸÖ Æîü …




J-90-11 P.T.O.



INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUDIES
†ÓŸÖ¸üÖÔ™ÒüßµÖ ‹¾ÖÓ .Öê¡ÖßµÖ †¬µÖµÖ-Ö


PAPER III ¯ÖÏ¿-Ö¯Ö¡Ö III

Note This paper is of two hundred marks containing four sections. Candidates are required to attempt the questions contained in these sections according to the detailed instructions given therein.
µÖÆü ¯ÖÏ¿-Ö¯Ö¡Ö ¤üÖê ÃÖÖî †Ó.úÖë .úÖ Æîü ‹¾ÖÓ ‡ÃÖ´Öë "ÖÖ¸ü .ÖÓ›ü Æïü … †³µÖ£Öá ‡-Ö´Öë ÃÖ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖ ¯ÖÏ¿-ÖÖë .êú ˆ¢Ö¸ü †»Ö.Ö ×¤üµÖê .ÖµÖê ×¾ÖßÖéŸÖ ×-Ö¤ìü¿ÖÖë .êú †-ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¤ëü …

SECTION I
.Ö›Óü I

Note This section consists of two essay type questions of twenty marks each, to be answered in about five hundred words each. ×
20 40 marks)
‡ÃÖ .Ó›ü ´Öë .úÖë .êú ¤üê Æïü … ¯ÖÏê.ú ¯Ï¿-.úˆ¢Ö¸»ÖÖ³.¯ÖÖÑî
™Ö²ÖßÃÖ-²ÖßÃÖ †ÓÖ×-Ö.ú ¯ÖŸµÖÖÖÖ ü.ÖÖ "Ö ÃÖÖ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë †¯Öê×.ÖŸÖ Æîü … ×
20 40 †Ó.ú)
1. Differentiate between the 'First generation and 'Second generation' peace keeping role. Give appropriate examples. ¯ÖßœÌüß' ŸÖ£ÖÖ '׫üŸÖßµÖ ¯ÖßœÌüß' ¿ÖÖÓ×ŸÖ ¸ü.ÖÖ ³Ö×´æÖ.úÖ .êú ²Öß"Ö †ÓŸÖ¸ü ïÖ™ü .úßו֋ … .ãú"û ˆ¯ÖµÖãŒŸÖ ˆ¤üÖÆü¸ü.Ö ¤üßו֋ …
OR/†£Ö¾ÖÖ

Do you think the role of regional groupings has increased in the era of Globalization Give reasons for your answer.
ŒµÖÖ †Ö¯Ö ´ÖÖ-ÖŸÖê Æïü ×.ú ¾ÖÖß.ú¸ü.Ö .êú µÖã.Ö ´Öë .Öê¡ÖßµÖ ÃÖ´ÖæÆüß.ú¸ü.Ö .úß ³Ö×´æÖ.úÖ ²ÖœüÌß Æîü †¯Ö-Öê ˆ¢Ö¸ü .êú ¯Ö.Ö ´Öë .úÖ¸ü.Ö ²ÖŸÖ»ÖÖ‡‹ …
2. Analyze and assess the impact of Globalization on less developed countries.
.ú´Ö ×¾Ö.ú×ÃÖŸÖ ¤êü¿ÖÖë ¯Ö¸ü ¾ÖÖß.ú¸ü.Ö .êú ¯Ö³ÏÖÖ¾Ö .úÖ ×¾Ö¿»ÖêÂÖ.Ö ŸÖ£ÖÖ ´Ö滵ÖÖÓ.ú-Ö .úßו֋ …
OR/†£Ö¾ÖÖ

Under the changed circumstances in world politics, do you think it has become imperative to bring about Structural Change in the United Nations
ŒµÖÖ †Ö¯Ö ´ÖÖ-ÖŸÖê Æïü ×.ú ×¾Ö¿¾Ö ¸üÖ•Ö-Öß×ŸÖ ´Öë ²Ö¤ü»ÖŸÖß Æãü‡Ô ¯Ö׸üÛãÖןֵÖÖë .êú †ÓŸÖ.ÖÔŸÖ ÃÖÓµÖãŒŸÖ ¸üÖ™Òü ÃÖÓ¸ü"Ö-ÖÖŸ´Ö.ú ¯Ö׸ü¾ÖŸÖÔ-Ö .ú¸ü-Öê .úß †Ö¾Ö¿µÖ.úŸÖÖ Æîü

SECTION II

.Ö›Óü II Note This section contains three questions from each of the electives/specializations.
The candidate has to choose only one elective/specialization and answer all the three questions from it. Each question carries fifteen marks and is to be answered in about three hundred words. ×
15 45 marks)
‡ÃÖ .ÖÓ›ü ´Öë ¯ÖÏŸµÖê.ú ‹êÛ""û.ú ‡.úÖ‡Ô ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ-ÖŸÖÖ ÃÖê ¯ÖÏ¿-Ö Æïü … †³µÖ£Öá .úÖê .êú¾Ö»Ö ‹.ú ‹êÛ""û.ú ‡.úÖ‡Ô ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ-ÖŸÖÖ .úÖê "Öã-Ö.ú¸ü ˆÃÖß .êú ¯ÖÏ¿-ÖÖë .úÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü ¤êü-ÖÖ Æîü … ¯ÖÏŸµÖê.ú ¯ÖÏ¿-Ö ¯Ö-¦üÆü †Ó.úÖë .úÖ Æîü ¾Ö ˆÃÖ.úÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü »Ö.Ö³Ö.Ö ÃÖÖî (300) ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë †¯Öê×.ÖŸÖ Æîü … ×
15 45 †Ó.ú)
Elective I ×¾Ö.ú»¯Ö I

3. Write the basic tenets of 'Constructivist' interpretation of State and Society.
¸üÖ•µÖ ŸÖ£ÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö .êú ¸ü"Ö-ÖÖŸ´Ö.ú¾ÖÖ¤üß ¥üÛ™ü.úÖ.êÖ .êú ´Ö»æÖ³ÖæŸÖ ×ÃÖ¨üÖÓŸÖÖë .êú ²ÖÖ¸êü ´Öë ×»Ö×.Ö‹ …
4. Briefly Analyse Kenneth Waltz's views on State, Power and War.
¸üÖ•µ, ¿Û Ö Ö£Ö µÖ¨ü Ö¸êú-Ö£¾ÖÖËü•Ö .êÖ"Öüë .úÖ ÃÖÓÖ¯ŸÖ ×¾¿»ÖêÖ.Ö .úßוÖ
ÖÖŒŸŸ Öã¯ü.êÖ »™ú ×¾Ö¸Ö×.Ö‹…
5. Democracy does not fight democracies. Elaborate your answer. "»ÖÖ.úŸêÖÓ¡Ö »ÖÖê.úŸÖÓ¡ÖÖë ÃÖê ÃÖÓ'ÖÂÖÔ -ÖÆüà .ú¸üŸÖÖ …" †¯Ö-ÖÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü ×¾ÖßÖÖ¸ü¯Öæ¾ÖÔ.ú ×»Ö×.Ö‹ … OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ Elective - II ×¾Ö.ú»¯Ö II
3. How has the rise of ethnonationalism affected the Structure and Strength of nation State -Öé•ÖÖןÖ.ëúצüŸÖ ¸üÖ™Òü¾ÖÖ¤ü ¸üÖ™üÒ¸üÖ•µÖ .úß ÃÖÓ¸ü"Ö-ÖÖ ŸÖ£ÖÖ ¿ÖÛŒŸÖ´Ö¢ÖÖ .úÖê .îúÃÖê ¯ÖϳÖÖ×¾ÖŸÖ ×.úµÖÖ Æîü
4. The American power has not declined but other emerging power have risen to reduce the gap. Do you agree with this Statement Give reasons.
†´Öê׸ü.úÖ .úß ¿ÖÛŒŸÖ ´Öë ÈüÖÃÖ -ÖÆüà Æãü†Ö Æîü ²ÖÛ».ú †-µÖ ˆ³Ö¸üŸÖß Æãü‡Ô ¿ÖÛŒŸÖµÖÖë .úÖ ˆ¤Ëü³Ö¾Ö Æãü†Ö Æîü וÖÃÖÃÖê .ÖÖ‡Ô ¯Ö™üß Æîü … ŒµÖÖ †Ö¯Ö ‡ÃÖ .ú£Ö-Ö ÃÖê ÃÖÆü´ÖŸÖ Æïü .úÖ¸ü.Ö ²ÖŸÖÖ‡‹ …
5. The rise and influence of multinational organizations have undermined Sacrosant nature of State Sovereignty Comment. ²ÖÆãü¤êü¿ÖßµÖ ÃÖÓ.Öšü-ÖÖë .êú †Ö.Ö´Ö-Ö ŸÖ£ÖÖ ¯ÖϳÖÖ¾Ö .êú .úÖ¸ü.Ö ¸üÖ•µÖ .úß ¯ÖϳÖãÃÖ¢ÖÖ .úß †»ÖÓ'µÖ ¯ÖÏ.éú×ŸÖ ´Öë .ú´Öß †Ö‡Ô Æîü … ×™ü¯¯Ö.Öß .úßו֋ … OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ Elective - III ×¾Ö.ú»¯Ö III
3. How do you account for the rise of democratic upsurge in the Arab World.
†¸ü²Ö­×¾Ö¿¾Ö ´Öë »ÖÖê.úŸÖÓ¡Ö .úß »ÖÆü¸ü .úß ¾µÖÖ.µÖÖ †Ö¯Ö .îúÃÖê .ú¸üë.Öê
4. Comment on India's attitude towards Iran's nuclear programme.
‡Ô¸üÖ-Ö .êú ¯Ö¸ü´ÖÖ.Öã .úÖµÖÔ.Îú´Ö .êú ¯ÖןÏÖ ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ .êú ¥üÛ™ü.úÖê.Ö ¯Ö¸ü ×™ü¯¯Ö.Öß ×»Ö×.Ö‹ …
5. Discuss Britain's approach to it's informal empire in the Persia Gulf.
¯ÖÙÃÖµÖ-Ö .ÖÖ›Ìüß ´Öë †¯Ö-Öê †-ÖÖî¯Ö"ÖÖ׸ü.ú ÃÖÖ´ÖÏÖ•µÖ .êú ¯ÖןÏÖ ×²ÖΙüê-Ö .êú ¥üÛ™ü.úÖê.Ö .úÖ ×¾Ö¾Öê"Ö-Ö .úßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ Elective - IV ×¾Ö.ú»¯Ö IV

3. Give an account of the impact of Japanese occupation on the nationalist movements in Southeast Asia with special reference to one of the Countries in the region. ¤ü×.Ö.Ö ¯Öæ¾ÖÔ ‹×¿ÖµÖÖ ¯Ö¸ü .ú²•ÖÖ •Ö´ÖÖ-Öê .êú .úÖ¸ü.Ö ¾ÖÆüÖÑ .êú ¸üÖ™Òü¾ÖÖ¤üß †ÖÓ¤üÖê»Ö-ÖÖë ¯Ö¸ü ŒµÖÖ ¯ÖϳÖÖ¾Ö ¯Ö›ÌüÖ ‡ÃÖ.úÖ ×¾Ö¾Ö¸ü.Ö ˆÃÖ .Öê¡Ö .êú ×.úÃÖß ‹.ú ¤êü¿Ö .êú ×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ ´Öë ¤üßו֋ …
4. How would you explain the strong position of the military in Burmease Politics
²Ö´ÖÖÔ .úß ¸üÖ•Ö-Öß×ŸÖ ´Öë ÃÖê-ÖÖ .úß ÃÖ¿ÖŒŸÖ ÛãÖ×ŸÖ .úß ¾µÖÖ.µÖÖ †Ö¯Ö .îúÃÖê .ú¸üë.Öê
5. What in your opinion are the major US interests and objectives in Southeast Asia in the Post Cold War era
ˆ¢Ö¸ü ¿ÖßŸÖ µÖã¨ü .úÖ»Ö ´Öë ¤ü×.Ö.Ö ¯Ö¾æÖÔ ‹×¿ÖµÖÖ ´Öë †´Ö׸êü.úÖ .êú þÖÖ£ÖÔ ŸÖ£ÖÖ ˆ§êü¿µÖ †Ö¯Ö.úß ¸üÖµÖ ´Öë ŒµÖÖ Æïü
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ Elective ×¾Ö.ú»¯Ö V

3. Do you think Africa's Political party systems are different from their Europeon Counter parts
ŒµÖÖ †Ö¯Ö ´ÖÖ-ÖŸÖê Æïü ×.ú †±Ïúß.úÖ .úß ¸üÖ•Ö-ÖßןÖ.ú ¯ÖÏ.ÖÖ×»ÖµÖÖÑ µÖæ¸üÖê¯ÖßµÖ ¤êü¿ÖÖë .úß ¸üÖ•Ö-ÖßןÖ.ú ¯ÖÏ.ÖÖ×»ÖµÖÖë ÃÖê Æïü
4. Discuss Africa's minerals wealth and its potential role in its economic development.
†±Ïúß.úÖ Ö´¯Ö¤üÖ ŸÖÖ †±Ïúß.úÖ .êÖ£.ú ×¾.úÃÖ ´ë ‡ÃÖ.úß ¿Ö ÖæÖ.ú.úß ""ÖÔ .úßו֋ …
.úß.ÖãÖú †ÙÖÖÖÖÖŒµ³×´Ö ÖÖ
5. Discuss special characteristics of India's relation with Africa.
†±Ïúß.úÖ .ú ÃêÖÖ£Ö ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ .êú ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö .êú ×¾Ö׿Ö™ü †×³Ö»Ö.Ö.ÖÖë .úß "Ö"ÖÖÔ .úßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ Elective - VI ×¾Ö.ú»¯Ö VI

3. Write a critique on the Chechen Problem.
"Öê"Öê-Ö ÃÖ´ÖõÖÖ ¯Ö¸ü ÃÖ´Öß.ÖÖ ×»Ö×.Ö‹ …
4. How far the Sino-Russian relations have improved in recent years
ÆüÖ»Ö .êú ¾ÖÂÖÖí ´Öë ŸÖ£ÖÖ ºþÃÖ .êú ÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬ÖÖë ´Öë ×.úÃÖ ÃÖß´ÖÖ ŸÖ.ú ²ÖœÌüÖêŸÖ¸üß Æãü‡Ô Æîü
5. What is Medveder's Skolkovo project How will it help Russia modernise
´Öê¤Ëü¾Öê¤üÃÖÔ Ã.úÖê»Ö.úÖê¾ÖÖê ¯ÖÖÏê•Öꌙü ŒµÖÖ Æîü ºþÃÖ .êú †Ö¬Öã×-Ö.úß.ú¸ü.Ö ´Öë µÖÆü .îúÃÖê ÃÖÆüÖµÖ.ú ÆüÖê.ÖÖ
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ Elective - VII ×¾Ö.ú»¯Ö VII

3. 'Critically examine U.S Pakistan relation from the perspective of dependency theory. Show how it undermine's national sovereignty.
×-Ö³¸üÖÖ­×ÃÖüÖŸÖ .êü¯ÖêÖ ´Ö†´Öêü.ú­¯Ö×.úßÖ-êú ÃÓ²Ó¬Ö .úß ÃÖ´Ö»Ö"Ö-ÖŸ´ÖÖÑ".úßו֋ … µÖÆü ²ÖÖ»Ö‡‹
ÖÔŸ¨Óú ¯Ö׸Ï.µë ׸ÖÖÖÖ.ÖÖÖÖêÖ.ú •ÖÖ ŸÖ×.ú µÖÆü ¸üÖ™ÒüßµÖ ¯Ö³ÏÖãÃÖ¢ÖÖ .êú ×»Ö‹ ×.úÃÖ ¯ÖÏ.úÖ¸ü .ÖןÖ.úÖ¸ü.ú Æîü …
4. How and why India's neighbours are sceptical of India's rise as 'regional power'? '.Öê¡ßµÖ ¿ÛŒŸ' .êÖ´Ö³ÖüŸ.êú ˆ³¸ü-ê.úÖ³Ö¸üÖ.êú¯Ö›üêÃêüÖ.îÖê†Ö¸üŒµÖÃÖ¿ÖÖ üÛ™üÃÖê êü.Ÿê ïü
ÖÖÖú ºþ¯ëÖ¸Ö ÖÖê ÖŸÌÖÖߤ¿úÃîÖë Óµ.úߥ¤ÖÖÆ?
5. Do you think monarchy in the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan is on the decline
ŒµÖÖ †Ö¯Ö ´ÖÖ-ÖŸÖê Æïü ×.ú ×Æü´ÖÖ»ÖµÖ ÛÃ£ÖŸÖ ³Öæ™üÖ-Ö .úÖ ¸üÖ•ÖŸÖÓ¡Ö .úÖ ÈüÖÃÖ ÆüÖê ¸üÆüÖ Æîü
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ Elective - VIII ×¾Ö.ú»¯Ö - VIII

3. Does an emerging China pase a security challenge to the USA
ŒµÖÖ ˆ³Ö¸üŸÖÖ Æãü†Ö †´Öê׸ü.úÖ .úß ÃÖã¸ü.ÖÖ .êú ×»Ö‹ ‹.ú "Öã-ÖÖîŸÖß .ú¸ü ¸üÆüÖ Æîü
4. Explain the foreign policy making in the US in the light of checks and balances and separation of power.
×-ÖµÖÓ¡Ö.Ö ‹¾ÖÓ ÃÖŸÓÖã»Ö-Ö ŸÖ£ÖÖ ¿ÖÛŒŸÖ .êú ¯Öé£ÖŒ.ú¸ü.Ö .êú †Ö»ÖÖê.ú ´Öë †´Öê׸ü.úÖ ´Öë ×¾Ö¤êü¿Ö -Öß×ŸÖ ×-Ö´ÖÖ.ÔÖ .úß ¾µÖÖ.µÖÖ
.úßו֋ …

5. Explain the 'rational actor' model with suitable examples.
¸îü¿Ö-Ö»Ö ‹êŒ™ü¸ü ´ÖÖò›ü»Ö .úß ¾µÖÖ.µÖÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖãŒŸÖ ˆ¤üÖÆü¸ü.ÖÖë .êú ÃÖÖ£Ö .úßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ Elective - IX ×¾Ö.ú»¯Ö IX

3. Profile Hugo chaver as a political person in America.
»Öîü-Ö †´ê׸üÖ ´Ö¸ü•Ö-ÖÖ.ú ¾µÛŒŸÖŸ¾Ö .êÖ ´ÖËüµæÖê ÖêÖ¸.úÖ ¯Ïê±úÖ‡»Ö ÖסÖÖ .úßו֋ …
×™Ö.úëÖßןÖú ºþ¯ëÆÖ.ÖŒ»¾ü ÖÖ×"Ÿ
4. Analyze and assess the reform process in Post Castro Cuba.
.îúÙüÖ.ú ²Ö¤ü ÖæÖÖ´ÖëÃÖã¬Ö¸¯ÏÎúµÖ.ú×¾¿»êÂ.Ö ÖÓ´ÖæÖÓÖ.úßו֋…
ÒêêÖŒµ²ÖüÖ×.ÖÖÖÖÖ‹¾»µÖ.ú-
5. Briefly Analyze the Maxican war on drug Cartels.
›Òü.Ö .úÖ™ìü»Ö .êú ×¾Ö¹ý¨ü ´ÖêÛŒÃÖ.úÖê .úß »Ö›ÌüÖ‡Ô .úÖ ÃÖÓ×.Ö¯ŸÖ ×¾Ö¿»ÖêÂÖ.Ö .úßו֋ …
SECTION III


.Ö›Óü III

Note This section contains nine questions of ten marks, each to be answered in about fifty words. ×
10 90 marks)
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6. How would you define 'Rogue state'
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7. What are the prerequisites for becoming a super power
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8. What is the new geography of power
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9. Explain the term 'Soft Power'. '´Öé¤ãü ¿ÖÛŒŸÖ' (ÃÖÖò°™ü ¯ÖÖ¾Ö¸ü) ¯Ö¤ü .úß ¾µÖÖ.µÖÖ .úßו֋ …
10. Indentify by the non traditional issues affecting human security.
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11. Describe the functions of the Indian Human Rights Commissions.
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12. Is the present world order reaching towards multipolarity
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13. What is democratic peace
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14. Why has India refused to sign N.P.T.
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SECTION IV
.Ö›Óü IV

Note This section contains five questions of five marks each based on the following passage. Each question should be answered in about thirty words. × 5 25 marks)
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Read the following paragraph and answer all five questions given below.
Some people sometimes confuse a deterrence strategy based on "Sufficiency" with doctrine known as "finite deterrence", We shall spend a few minutes distinguishing the two. Under "finite deterrence", once a given level of nuclear weapons is reached, no more are deemed necessary. That is, all a state must do to deter an adversary under finite deterrence is to maintain enough nuclear forces to inflict "unacceptable damage" on a foe. Theorists differ on what exact level this should be, but secretary Mc Namara once estimated it at 20 to 30 percent of the population and 50 percent of
J-90-11 26
the industry of an opponenent. Industrial activities are far more concentrated in the Soviet union than the U S A therefore fewer weapons would be necessary for equivalent destruction. One bomb on a city would be a Catastrophe without precedent. The theory of "finite deterrence", also called "minimum deterrence suggests that more than the minimum level of force needed to deter is actually bad, since excessive levels might indicate that one side is not really interested in simply deterring war. For example, a foe might believe that the U.S. was building toward the development of a disarming "First Strike" capability. This situation might cause the Soviets to engage in more building of their own and thus fuel the arms race. The essence of "finite deterrence" is that populations must be exposed to retaliatory attack. In effect, then major population centers are considered to be held "hostage" under this strategy. Nuclear weapons are targeted on them as in the MAD policy. Because cities are generally large and undefended, American Missiles need not be large or accurate according to this theory.
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