PAPER-III HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES JA-092-17 1 P.T.O. HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES PAPER III Note This paper contains seventy five objective type questions of two marks each. All questions are compulsory.

1. According to Karl Marx, ultimately the governing society would be

'From each according to his ability and to each according to his needs'.

'From each according to his ability and to each according to his status'.

'From each according to his exploitation and to each according to his principles'.

'From each according to his freedom and to each according to justice'.

2. Which human rights treaty outlaws "Hate Speech"

ICCPR

ICERD

ICESCR

CRC

3. The Economic Theory of Rights is associated with

Adam Smith

Karl Marx

Amartya Sen

Joseph Steiglitz

4. Which of the following are correct regarding the views of Gramsci

i. Man can only be ruled by power.

ii. Political leadership should be based upon the concert of the people.

iii. Civil society includes institutions like church, club, schools, magazines etc.

iv. Political society includes institutions like government, court, police, army etc.

Codes

ii, iii

ii, iii, iv

iii, iv

ii, iv

5. Which of the following are true regarding the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights

i. It was officially launched in India in December 2000.

ii. It is expected to act as a non-political secular forum.

iii. It comprises of a land of Dalit scholars and activities.

iv. Its purpose is to promote solidarity, co-operation and collection action at the national level for the promotion of Dalit human rights.

Select your answer from the codes given below Codes

ii, iii

ii, iii, iv

iii, iv

ii, iv

6. Which among the following states in India is the first state to start on the recommendation of the State commission for protection of child rights, child friendly police station

Madhya Pradesh

Chhattisgarh

Bihar

Maharashtra

7. Which section of IPC deals with word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman

Section 498 A

Section 503

Section 509

Section 590

8. In which year the United Nations General Assembly adopted convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

1982

1984

1986

1988

9. John Rawls uses the social contract theory to derive the principles of

a just society

political liberty

a peaceful social system

progressive social system

10. The contents of Kautalya's Arthshastra

deals exclusively with subjects connected with internal administration and foreign relations.

sets before the ruler the goal of the conquest of the world.

describes the ways of attaining the goal of the conquest of the world.

all the above

11. It is believed that our globe is warming progressively. This global warming will eventually result in

melting of polar ice

uniformity of climate at equator and poles

increase in availability of useable land.

fall in the sea level

12. Who said, "where there is no law there is no freedom"

T.H Green

John Locke

Thomas Hobbes

Harold J. Laski

13. The factor that helped the rise of nationalism in India during freedom movement

Formation of nation states in Europe

Establishment of democratic governments

Both and

Neither nor

14. The Universal Adult Franchise is an indication of the principle of the

Legal Sovereignty

Political Sovereignty

Popular Sovereignty

National Sovereignty

15. At which place United Nations General Assembly had adopted Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

New York

London

Paris

Geneva

16. Which of the following strategy does not appear to be suitable with a view to improve International Human Rights

Ratification of international human rights instruments.

Enhancement of enforcement mechanisms.

Measures for effective national implementation.

Use of force by world community against the country which violates human rights.

17. In which case the Supreme Court interpreted that Article 21 includes right to food, clothing and shelter

R. Gandhi Vs. Union of India

Selvy vs. State of Karnataka

Maneka Gandhi case

Francis Coralie Muller vs. Union Territory of Delhi

18. Which of the following are true regarding the office of the UNHCR

i. The office was set up as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly.

ii. It was set up in 1952.

iii. It is located in Geneva.

iv. The main task is to provide international protection to refugees by establishing camps. Select your answer from the codes given below

Codes

ii, iii

ii, iii, iv

iii, iv

ii, iv

19. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Gramsci

i. He was an important Marxist scholar of 20th century.

ii. He was General Secretary of Italian Communist Party.

iii. In 1926 he was imprisoned for 20 years and he died in 1936.

iv. In 1971 his various articles were published as "Prison Note Books".

Codes

ii, iii

ii, iii, iv

iii, iv

ii, iv

20. Which of the following are correct about Isiah Berlin's concept of liberty

i. He says that the state can only secure negative liberty to the individual and that positive liberty does not come within the purview of the state.

ii. He holds that negative liberty consists in not being prevented from choosing one's course of action while positive liberty treats the individual as his own master.

iii. His concept of positive liberty does not correspond to positive liberalisms' concept of positive liberty.

iv. He say that the state can only secure negative liberty to the individual. Select the correct answer from the codes given below

ii, iv

ii, iii, iv

iii

ii, iii

Directions Match the List I with List II and select the correct answer with the help of codes given in question numbers from 21 to 29

21.

List I List II
(Document) (Year)

a. Forced labour convention i. 1973

b. Minimum age convention ii. 1930

c. Abolition of forced labour convention iii. 1957

d. Equal remuneration convention iv. 1951

Codes

a b c d

(1) ii i iv iii

(2) ii i iii iv

ii iii iv

(4) ii iv iii i

22. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

List I List II
(Books of Habermas) (Year of Publication)

a. The structural transformation of the public sphere i. 1973

b. Theory and Practice ii. 1968

c. Toward a Rational society iii. 1963

d. Legitimation crisis iv. 1962

Codes

a b c d

iv iii ii i

i ii iii iv

iv iii i ii

iv i ii iii

23. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

List I List II

a. Convention relating to the status of refugees i. 1948

b. American convention on Human Rights ii. 1963

c. American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of man iii. 1950

d. International convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination iv. 1969

Codes

a b c d

ii iii iv

(2) ii i iv iii

(3) iii iv i ii

(4) iv iii i ii

24. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer with the help of the code given below

List I List II
(Events during British rule in India) (Year)

a. Abolition of slavery i. 1855

b. Abolition of Sati ii. 1830

c. Abolition of infanticide iii. 1829

d. Establishment of torture commission in Madras Presidency iv. 1811

Codes

a b c d

(1) iv iii ii i

ii iii iv

ii iv iii

(4) iv ii iii i

25. Match the List I with List II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

List I List II

a. Article-3 of U.D.H.R. i. Everyone has the right to life and security of person

b. Article-4 of U.D.H.R. ii. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before law.

c. Article-6 of U.D.H.R. iii. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude

d. Article-9 of U.D.H.R. iv. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile

Codes

a b c d

ii iii iv

iii ii iv

(3) ii i iii iv

(4) ii iii i iv

26. Arrange the following in the chronological order and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

i. Declaration on the Elimination of violence against woman.

ii. Declaration on the Rights of disabled persons.

iii. Convention on the Rights of the child.

iv. Convention on the Elimination of all forms of discrimination against women.

Codes

ii, iv, iii, i

ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv

iv, iii, ii, i

27. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

List I List II

a. Article-17, Constitution of India i. Abolition of untouchability

b. Article-23, Constitution of India ii. Prohibition of hazardous child labour

c. Article-24, Constitution of India iii. Prohibition of forced labour

d. Article-22, Constitution of India iv. Protection against arrest and detention

Codes

a b c d

i ii iii iv

i iii ii iv

ii i iii iv

i iv ii iii

28. Match the List I with List II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

List I List II

a. Constitution of India, Art-21-A i. Right to Education

b. Constitution of India, Art-39-A ii. Free legal aid

c. Constitution of India, Art-48-A iii. Protection of environment

d. Constitution of India, Art-51-A iv. Fundamental duties

Codes

a b c d

ii iii iv

(2) ii i iii iv

(3) ii i iv iii

ii iv iii

29. Arrange the following Acts according to the year of their enactment

i. Special Marriage Act

ii. Hindu Succession Act

iii. Hindu Widow's Remarriage Act

iv. Age of Consent Act

Codes

ii, iii, iv

iii, iv, ii

iv, iii, ii

ii, iii, iv, i

30. Which of the following are included in the list of fundamental duties in the Constitution of India Answer using codes given below

i. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India and the States.

ii. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.

iii. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

iv. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

Codes

ii and iii

ii and iv

ii, iii and iv

iii and iv

31. Which of the following sentence is true regarding the suppression of immoral traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956

The Act was amended in 1986 and retitled as the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

The Act was amended in 1996 and retitled as the Unlawful Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

The Act was amended in 2006 and retitled as the Illegal Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

The Act was not at all amended.

32. In which of the following states reservation of women is not more than 33% in the Panchayati Raj Institutions

Chhattisgarh

Haryana

Jharkhand

Uttarakhand

33. Which of the following is not a part of International Bill of Human Rights

Statute of International Court of Justice

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966

International Covenant on Economic, social and cultural rights, 1966

34. Under which Article of Constitution of India, state is required to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief

Article 38

Article 39

Article 42

Article 46

35. Which of the following types of human rights were not mentioned by Allan Gewirth

Basic Rights

Non-Subtractive Rights

Mandatory Rights

Additive Rights

Directions Question Nos. 36 to 45 contains two statements, one labelled as Assertion and the other as Reason Examine whether the statements are correct and related to each other with the help of the codes given below

36. Assertion Globalization bears new risk to international Security and has simultaneously increased the difficulty of tackling such risks.

Reason Economic globalization has provided free circulation of drugs, nuclear material and dual-use technologies on a global scale among state and non-state actors.

Codes

Both and are correct.

Both and are incorrect.

is correct, but is not correct.

is not correct, but is correct.

37. Assertion Judicial statehood refers to states that are constitutionally independent and recognised as sovereign and enjoy membership in International organisations.

Reason Empirical statehood refers to states with strong political institutions, solid economic basis and a substantial degree of national unity.

Codes

is correct but is not correct.

Both and are correct.

is not correct, but is a corroboration of

Both and are incorrect.

38. Assertion It is the occurrence of war, the use of organized violence as a method of resolving conflict among states that concerns us here.

Reason However, the major armed conflicts tended to be intrastate rather than inter-state.

Codes

Both and are correct, but is not the explanation of

is correct, but is not correct.

is not correct, but is correct.

Both and are incorrect.

39. Assertion Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed.

Reason Man by nature is a social animal.

Codes

Both and are true, and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true but is not the correct explanation of

is correct, but is incorrect.

is incorrect, but is correct.

40. Assertion Human Development, if not engendered, is endangered.

Reason In most political systems, gender justice is on their agenda.

Codes

Both and are correct, and is the correct explanation of

Both and are correct and is not the correct explanation of

is correct, but is incorrect.

is incorrect, but is correct.

41. Assertion End of Cold War signified a shift from ideological politics in International relations to cultural conflicts.

Reason Religious fundamentalism is posing a threat to world security.

Codes

Both and are true, and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

42. Assertion Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.

Reason Rule of law in a political system alone can guarantee justice to all.

Codes

Both and are correct, and is the correct explanation of

Both and are correct and is not the correct explanation of

is correct, but is incorrect.

is incorrect, but is correct.

43. Assertion Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible but man's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary.

Reason Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Codes

Both and are correct, and is the correct explanation of

Both and are correct and is not the correct explanation of

is correct, but is incorrect.

is incorrect, but is correct.

44. Assertion India, through its accession to ASEAN's treaty of Amity and cooperation has reaffirmed ASEAN's territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Reason The south-east Asian nations themselves have begun to gradually recognise India's military capacity to contribute to the stability of the region.

Codes

Both and are correct, and supports

Both and incorrect.

is correct, but is not correct.

is not correct, but is correct.

45. Assertion To promote gender justice, the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women provides for (under Article affirmative action in favour of women.

Reason To promote gender equality Indian government has adopted "Gender Budgeting" as a tool for mainstreaming gender in all government policies and Programmes.

Codes

Both and are correct, and is the correct explanation of

Both and are correct and is not the correct explanation of

is correct, but is incorrect.

is incorrect, but is correct.

Directions Match the List I with List II and select the correct answer with the help of codes given in question numbers from 46 to 47

46. List I List II
(Conventions/Declarations) (Year)

a. European convention on Human Rights i. 1949

b. European social charter ii. 1975

c. Helsinki Declaration iii. 1961

d. Geneva "Red cross" convention iv. 1950

Codes

a b c d

iv iii ii i

i ii iii iv

i ii iv iii

iv ii iii i

47. List I List II
(Books/publication of collected papers and lectures of John Rawls) (Year)

a. A Theory of Justice i. 2000

b. Political Liberalism ii. 1999

c. Publication of collected papers iii. 1993

d. Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy iv. 1970

Codes

a b c d

iv iii ii i

iv ii iii i

i ii iii iv

iii ii i iv

48. Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct answer with the help of codes given below

i. World Cancer Day

ii. International Women's Day

iii. World Health Day

iv. World Press Freedom Day

Codes

iv, iii, ii, i

ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv

iv, ii, iii

49. Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct answer with the help of codes given below

i. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

ii. Economic Commission for Africa

iii. Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC)

iv. Economic Commission for Europe

Codes

ii, iii, iv

iv, iii, ii, i

iv, ii, iii

iii, ii, iv

50. Arrange the following social reformers in chronological order (regarding their death) and choose the correct answer with the help of codes given below

i. Rajaram Mohan Roy

ii. Maharishi Dayanand

iii. Ram Krishna Paramhans

iv. Swami Vivekanand Codes

ii, iii, iv

ii, iv, iii

iii, iv, ii

iv, iii, ii, i

51. Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct answer with the help of codes given below

i. Servants of India Society

ii. University Act (Lord Curzon's era)

iii. Surat Split of Congress

iv. Newspapers Incitement to Offences Act

Codes

ii, iii, iv

iv, iii, ii, i

ii, iii, iv

iv, ii, iii

52. Arrange the following freedom fighters in chronological order (regarding their birth) and choose the correct answer with the help of codes given below

i. Surendra Nath Bannerji

ii. Bipin Chandra Pal

iii. Mrs. Annie Besant

iv. Madan Mohan Malviya

Codes

iii, ii, iv

ii, iii, iv

iv, iii, ii, i

ii, iv, iii

53. Arrange the following in the chronological order of their evolution and choose the correct answer from the codes below

i. Natural law theory of Rights

ii. Positive law theory of Rights

iii. Historical and evolutionary theory of Rights

iv. Sociological positivist theory of Rights

Codes

iii, ii, iv

ii, iv, iii

iii, ii, iv

ii, iii, iv

54. Match the List I with List II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

List I List II
(Books) (Author)

a. Anarchical Falacies i. Herbert Hart

b. Rights of Man ii. Marry

c. A vindication of rights of women with strictures on political and moral subjects iii. Thomas Paine

d. Are there any Natural Rights iv. Bentham

Codes

a b c d

(1) iv iii ii i

(2) iv ii iii i

ii iii iv

(4) iii ii i iv

55. Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct answer with the help of codes given below

i. Convention on offences and certain other Acts committed on Board Aircraft.

ii. Convention for suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft.

iii. Convention for the suppression of unlawful Acts against safety of civil aviation.

iv. Convention on prevention and punishment of crimes against internationally protection persons, including diplomatic agents.

Codes

ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv

iv, ii, iii

iv, iii, ii, i

56. Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct answers with the help of codes given below

i. The Total Sanitation Campaign Scheme

ii. The Rashtriya Madhyanik Shiksha Abhiyan Scheme

iii. The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana

iv. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram

Codes

iv, iii, ii, i

ii, iii, iv

iii, ii, iv

iv, iii, ii

57. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer with the help of the code given below

List I List II
(Year)

a. The Dowry Prohibition Act i. 1971

b. The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act ii. 1955

c. The Hindu Marriage Act iii. 1956

d. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Test Act iv. 1971

Codes

a b c d

iv iii ii i

i ii iii iv

i ii iv iii

iv ii iiii i

58.

List I List II
(Book) (Author)

a. Gender Trouble i. James Glass

b. Identify Difference ii. Bendy Bryan

c. State of Injury iii. William Colony

d. Shattered Selves iv. Judith Butler

Codes

a b c d

iii ii i

ii iii i

ii iii iv

(4)iii ii i iv

59. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer with the help of the code given below

List I List II
(Article of the Indian Constitution) (Provision)

a. Article 24 i.Directive principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws.

b. Article 39 ii. It provides that the state shall endeavour to provide within ten years from the commencement of the constitution free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years.

c. Article 45 iii. It lay down that childhood and youth should be protected against moral and material abandonment

d. Article 37 iv. It prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mine or other hazardous activity.

Codes

a b c d

iv iii ii i

i ii iii iv

i iii ii iv

iv ii i iii

60. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below

List I List II
(Acts) (Year)

a. National Commission for Minorities Act i. 1989

b. National Commission for Women Act ii. 1955

c. Protection of Civil Rights Act iii. 1990

d. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes(prevention of atrocities) act iv. 1992

Codes

a b c d

iv iii ii i

i ii iii iv

i ii iv iii

iv ii iii i

61. Arrange the following in the chronological order and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

i. American declaration of the Rights and Duties of man

ii. American convention on Human Rights

iii. African charter on Human and People's Rights

iv. Inter American convention to prevent and punish torture.

Codes

ii, iv, iii

ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv

ii, iv, iii

62. Arrange the following in the chronological order and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

i. Universal declaration on the Human Genom and Human Rights.

ii. Declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work.

iii. Declaration on the rights to development

iv. Copenhagen declaration on social rights

Codes

ii, iii, iv

ii, iv, iii

iii, iv, ii

iv, iii, ii, i

63. In which case the right to Education Act, 2002 was held unconstitutional to the extent that it imposes reservation of OBC, SC, ST students on admission to minority unaided educational institutions

T.M.A. Pai case

Islamic Educational Foundation Case

Inamdar Case

Pramati Educational Cultural Trust Case

64. Arrange the following cases in the chronological order and choose the correct answer from the codes below

i. A.K. Gopalan vs. Union of India

ii. Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India

iii. P.U.C.L. vs. Union of India (Asiad case)

iv. Hussainara Khatoon vs. State of Bihar

Codes

ii, iv, iii

ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv

iv, ii, iii

65. Arrange the following cases in the chronological order and choose the correct answer from the codes below

i. Visakha's case

ii. Maneka Gandhi's case

iii. M.C. Mehta's case on olium gas leakage

iv. M.C. Mehta's case on child labour Codes

ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv, i

66. Arrange the following in the chronological order of their appearance in the Constitution and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

i. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

ii. Freedom of associations or unions

iii. Freedom of conscience

iv. Right to Education Codes

ii, iii, iv

ii, iii, iv

ii, iv, iii

ii, iv, iii

67. Arrange the following in the chronological order and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

i. Child Marriage Restraint Act

ii. The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act

iii. Right to Education Act

iv. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act

Codes

ii, iii, iv

ii, iv, iii

ii, iii, iv

ii, iv, iii

68. Arrange the following in the chronological order and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

i. League of Nations

ii. The U.N. Charter

iii. World War II

iv. U.D.H.R.

Codes

ii, iii, iv

iii, ii, iv

iv, iii, ii

iii, iv, ii

69. Arrange the following in the chronological order and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

i. Geneva Protocol (regarding chemical and biological weapons)

ii. Antarctic treaty

iii. Partial Test Ban Treaty

iv. Outer Space Treaty

Codes

iv, iii, ii, i

ii, iii, iv

iv, ii, iii

iv, ii, iii

70. Arrange the following in the chronological order and choose the correct answer from the codes given below

i. Election Commission of India

ii. National Commission for Scheduled Castes

iii. National Human Rights Commission of India

iv. National Commission for Women Codes

iv, iii, ii

ii, iii, iv

ii, iv, iii

ii, iii, iv

Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow, based on your understanding of the passage (Question Numbers 71 to 75)

For all practical purposes, however, the conditions of humanity in Africa can be divided into three periods of its history the pre-colonial period; the colonial period; and the post-colonial period. Prior to the arrival of foreigners (Arabs, Europeans, Americans and Asians) and the imposition of their rule of Africans, the latter had lived traditional lives celebrating their ancestors, major events, traditions and socio-political, cultural and economic arrangements and associations. The 'Spirit of Africa' had reigned fairness, justice, honesty, discipline, obedience, collaboration, collective responsibility, African virtues and values and extended family codes had been shared and enjoyed from time immemorial. That was the essence of African socialism until European colonial rule began to dismantle it. Complete ownership of environs and possessions the common heritage of homo africanus had exited. Thus, the status of Africa as terra Africana, the property of homo africanus excluded every condition of terra nullius.
Alas, things changed after 1492 which introduced a new 'period of discovery' by Europeans. Contacts with Africa and other foreign lands that is, non-European countries were formalized. This period thus started the end of pure African human rights observances and deprived Africa of its status of terra Africana because foreigners made it their land (terra peregrina). The arrival of homo alienus in Africa therefore marked the beginning of a period in which the rights of the African peoples would not only be disregarded but would also be systematically suppressed and even abolished by foreign interests. Hominies alieni were mainly interested in exploiting and subjugating Africa through commercial enterprises such as the slave trade, through the quest for fame, and through greed and gratification in terms of territorial aggrandisements, wealth and adventure. Those concerned that is American and European explorers, geographers and missionaries who were interested in the 'conversion of souls and their civilization', rebels and the exiled who fled Europe to avoid persecution, poverty and other forms of social and religious injustices deprived Africa of its identity. They were interested in exploiting Africans, taking over their possessions and perpetuating African dependency on foreigners and administrators who were determined to subjugate them to Europeans rule and ways of living. They deprived Africans of their ways of thinking, living and political processes and procedures. African values were described as 'primitive' by Europeans.
The latter's colonial policies and practices by depriving Africans of their culture and the traditional human values inherent in the African person from time immemorial, carried out some of the worst human rights violations ever recorded in history. Those policies and practices were institutionalized in the late nineteenth century, following the Berlin Congress of 1884-85 on the 'Scramble for Africa'.
The Berlin Conference was convened by six European powers Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom which decided to divide Africa into their 'spheres of influence' by fixing artificial borders on arbitrary, geographical lines on the map of Africa, without considering or respecting ethnic or tribal possessions, backgrounds, cultures, traditions or customs.
These geographical divisions either disintegrated nations and peoples who should have been together or united those who should have remained separate. However, in 1964 the organization of African Unity in one of its resolutions provided, inter alia, that 'All Member States pledge themselves to respect the frontiers existing on the achievement of national independence. That decision of the OAU summit to uphold the colonial divisions was historic but has since been questioned. Should African leaders have redefined and redrawn borders, taking into account national entities and tribal demarcations, in order to correct the colonial errors of the Berlin Conference The answer to this question must be negative, because any attempt to reposition African boundaries would have caused immense conflict, disagreement and bloodshed and would have proved impossible among the newly liberated African nations. This fear was realized in subsequent years whenever groups of individuals and or 'liberation' movements demanded self-determination or secession and or independence.
The colonial masters implicitly, and often explicitly, encouraged and even supported such secessionist activities and tendencies. The colonial policy of 'divide and rule' not only set the various African tribes and ethnic groups against each other, it also introduced a class system in African society which valued people according to the colour of their skin the whites were at the top of the ladder; the Asian followed; then came the Arabs; and the Africans were at the bottom. Africans had their lands confiscated by European colonialists and they became squatters or servants on their ancestral lands. Such racial stratification blatantly violated the rights of the African peoples and led in subsequent years to bloody African resistance to racial injustice and discrimination whose repercussions are still felt today.
Despite independence, the remnants of European colonial policies and practices have haunted Africa in the form of tribal wars and conflicts which threaten the disintegration of African countries. The genocide among the Tutsi and Hutu of Rwanda and Burundi are good examples in point. Unfortunately for Africa, the violation of human rights is quite often believed to be more pronounced in post-colonial Africa. Indeed, the behaviour of some African leaders has been far worse in terms of human rights than that of the colonial rulers in pre-independence Africa.

71. Which of the following does not constitute a part of the 'Spirit of Africa'

Fairness

Collective responsibility

Individual responsibility

Justice

72. Tribal wars and conflicts in Africa are primarily the result of

Poverty and famine in most African states

Dictatorial regimes in African continent

Racial discrimination and apartheid policies

European colonial polices and practices of 'divide and rule'

73. Which sequence of arrival of foreigners, home alienus in the pre-colonial period is historically true

Europeans, Americans, Arabs and Asians

Arabs, Europeans, Americans and Asians

Arabs, Asians, Europeans and Americans

Asians, Arabs, Europeans and Americans

74. The main purpose of Berlin Conference was to

Legalise colonial rule on African states

Fix artificial borders of African states

Suppress African cultures, traditions or customs

Develop unity among colonial states

75. Which of the following statement is NOT true

The OAU was created in 1964.

The OAU adopted a resolution stating that all member states pledge themselves to respect the borders existing on the achievement of national independence.

Secessionist movements do not form part of self-determination.

African values were described as 'Primitive' by Europeans