FINAL EXAM NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS
DECEMBER 2016
POSSESSION USE OF CELL PHONES OR ANY SUCH ELECTRONIC GADGETS IS NOT PERMITTED INSIDE THE
EXAMINATION HALL.
NEPHROLOGY
PAPER I
NEPHRO/D/16/20/I
Time 3 hours
Max. Marks 100
Important instructions:
• Attempt all questions in order.
• Each question carries 10 marks.
• Read the question carefully and answer to the point neatly and legibly.
• Do not leave any blank pages between two answers.
• Indicate the question number correctly for the answer in the margin space.
• Answer all the parts of a single question together.
• Start the answer to a question on a fresh page or leave adequate space between two answers.
• Draw table/diagrams/flowcharts wherever appropriate.
Write short notes on:
1.
Physiology of renal autoregulation.
Relevance of renal autoregulation in clinical conditions,
especially with AKI.
5+5
2. Pododcyte: Structure, functions and its clinical significance in health
disease.

3. Hypomagnesemia: Causes, manifestations, investigations and
treatment.

4. Development of kidney and urinary tract.
Enumerate structural anomalies of kidneys.
8+2
5. Pathophysiology of distal RTA.
Clinical and metabolic consequences of RTA.
5+5
6. Etiology of lactic acidosis.
Approach to a patient with lactic acidosis.
5+5
7. Common clinical research study designs.
Phases in clinical trials.
5+5
8. Vascular calcification in CKD: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and
management.

9. Methods of estimation of serum creatinine
Methods of estimation of GFR.
2+8
10. Moderately increased albuminuria in diabetes:
Etiology
Limitations
Natural history in type II diabetes
Clinical trials to prevent progression to macroalbuminuria in
phase II diabetes.