FINAL EXAM NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS
JUNE 2017

POSSESSION USE OF CELL PHONES OR ANY SUCH ELECTRONIC GADGETS IS NOT PERMITTED INSIDE THE
EXAMINATION HALL.
NEPHROLOGY
PAPER I
NEPHRO/J/17/20/I
Time 3 hours
Max. Marks 100
Important instructions:
• Attempt all questions in order.
• Each question carries 10 marks.
• Read the question carefully and answer to the point neatly and legibly.
• Do not leave any blank pages between two answers.
• Indicate the question number correctly for the answer in the margin space.
• Answer all the parts of a single question together.
• Start the answer to a question on a fresh page or leave adequate space between two answers.
• Draw table/diagrams/flowcharts wherever appropriate.
Write short notes on:
1. Monoclonal antibodies in Nephrology:
Basics of monoclonal antibodies.
Diagnostic use in Nephrology.
Therapeutic use in Nephrology.

2. Hypophosphatemia: Causes, clinical manifestations, investigations
and treatment.

3. Classification of cystic kidney disorders.
Manifestations and treatment of acquired cystic kidney disease.
Extrarenal manifestations of ADPKD.

4. Role of gut microbiota in CKD:
Normal gut flora.
Dysbiosis in CKD.
Role of probiotics and prebiotics in CKD.

5. Chronic kidney disease in obesity: Pathophysiology,
manifestations and management.
Scleroderma renal crisis.

6. Lupus nephritis:
Tubulointerstitial lesions.
Vascular lesions.
Pregnancy and lupus nephritis.

7. Risk factors for CKD:
Non-modifiable risk factors.
Modifiable risk factors.
5+5
8. Juxtaglomerular apparatus: Anatomy physiology.
Trade off hypothesis in CKD.
6+4
9. Class I and II HLA molecules.
Clinical significance of Class I and II HLA molecules in renal
transplantation.
Non-HLA antigens in renal transplantation.

10. Enumerate the non-parametric tests of significance.
Utility and limitations of non-parametric tests of
significance.
4+6