FINAL EXAM NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS
JUNE 2018

POSSESSION/USE OF CELL PHONES OR ANY SUCH ELECTRONIC GADGETS IS NOT PERMITTED INSIDE THE EXAMINATION HALL.
NEPHROLOGY
PAPER-I
NEPHRO/J/18/20/I
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks:100
Important Instructions:
Attempt all questions in order.
Each question carries 10 marks.
Read the question carefully and answer to the point neatly and legibly.
Do not leave any blank pages between two answers.
Indicate the question number correctly for the answer in the margin space
Answer all the parts of a single question together.
Start the answer to a question on a fresh page or leave adequate space between two answers.
Draw table/diagrams/flowcharts wherever appropriate.
Write short notes on:
1. Approach to a patient with hypercalcemia
Management of hypercalcemia
6+4
2. Anatomy of renal vasculature.
Role of Renin-Angiotensin system in control of GFR.
5+5
3. Human Leucocyte Antigen
Class I and Class II HLA antigen molecules.
Enumerate the non-HLA antigens of significance in renal
transplantation.
Three-signal model of T Cell Activation.

4. Meta-analysis:
Definition
Advantages and problems
Steps in a Meta-analysis

5. Refractory hypertension:
Define and discuss the etiology
Management
Renal denervation in treatment of refractory hypertension

6. Structure and functions of Glomerular basement membrane.
Structure and functions of Podocyte.
Enumerate the Podocytopathies.

7. Etiological classification of Polyuria.
Approach to a patient with polyuria.
Enumerate the therapies for treatment of Diabetes Insipidus.

8. Renal fibrosis:
Mechanisms of renal fibrosis
Role of TGF- Beta /SMAD signaling
Treatment targets in renal fibrosis

9. Urinalysis:
Target parameters in urinalysis
Various types of crystals in health and disease
5+5
10. Type 2 diabetic nephropathy Diabetic Kidney Disease
Various clinical trials in prevention of progression of DKD.
Discuss novel therapeutic perspectives in DKD.
8+2