FINAL EXAM NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS
JUNE 2016
POSSESSION USE OF CELL PHONES OR ANY SUCH ELECTRONIC GADGETS IS NOT PERMITTED INSIDE THE
EXAMINATION HALL.
GENITOURINARY SURGERY (UROLOGY)
PAPER I
GUS/J/16/13/I
Time 3 hours
Max. Marks 100
Important instructions:
• Attempt all questions in order.
• Each question carries 10 marks.
• Read the question carefully and answer to the point neatly and legibly.
• Do not leave any blank pages between two answers.
• Indicate the question number correctly for the answer in the margin space.
• Answer all the parts of a single question together.
• Start the answer to a question on a fresh page or leave adequate space between two answers.
• Draw table/diagrams/flowcharts wherever appropriate.
Write short notes on:
1. Hemodynamics and mechanism of penile erection.
Management of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy.

2. Define ischaemic nephropathy.
Pathophysiology and management of ischaemic nephropathy.

3. Explain the concepts of blinding, allocation concealment and
randomization in clinical trials.

4. Anatomical changes in urinary tract in pregnancy.
Management of unilateral upper ureteric calculus in first trimester
of pregnancy.
4+6
5. Metabolic and physiologic effects of pneumoperitoneum in
laparoscopy.
5+5
6. What are the inhibitors and promoters of crystal formation in
urinary tract?
How will you investigate a case of recurrent stone former?

7. Define hyponatraemia.
Various types, clinical manifestations and treatment of
hyponatraemia.

8. What are the indications of biopsy of renal mass?
What is the sensitivity and specificity of a renal mass biopsy?
What do the terms specificity and sensitivity mean?

9. Role of molecular markers in detection of prostate cancer.
How do these markers differ from PSA in cancer detection?
5+5
10. Virtual reality and augmented reality as used in surgical navigation. 5+5