Name the non-chromatographic separation process involving equilibrium between the two phases mentioned below. Mention the components of the mixture that can be separated by the said process:

Gas -Liquid

Liquid -Liquid

Liquid -Solid

Solid -Solid

Distinguish between Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis. Mention the characteristics of the semipermeable membrane used in R.O.

Explain the characteristic features of diluents in solvent extraction process.

Metal chelates of metal A and metal Bare extractable from aqueous solutions into CCl4. What must the ratio of their distribution coefficients be so that 99% of A remains in aqueous phase whereas 99% of B is extracted into the organic phase Volumes of organic and aqueous phases are the same.

Explain the difference between adsorption and ion-exchange processes.

In the separation of a mixture, solvent was retained at 2.1 min whereas components A and B were retained at 6.7 min and 12.5 min, respectively with corresponding peak. widths 11·3 min and 14.1 min. Calculate the number of plates for each component.

Examine each of the following statements and write whether it is True or False:

In ion exchange chromatography, the extent of exchange increases with increase in charge of the exchanging ion.

Particle size of the gel is responsible for fractionation by size exclusion chromatography.

Distribution coefficient, for solute molecules which enter the gel matrix is between 0 and 1.

Retention time is independent of the temperature of the column.

Distribution coefficient and thermodynamic distribution coefficient of a solute between two phases are always same.

Draw a schematic labelled diagram of gas chromatograph and name the carrier gas.

Which of the following types of paper can be used in paper chromatography Give reason in support of your answer.

Butter paper

Cellophane paper

Cellulose filter paper

Ordinary filter paper

Writing paper

Explain the basic principle of HPLC. Draw a schematic labelled.diagram of the various components involved.

What is Size Exclusion Chromatography? Discuss the important properties of gels.

5. Write brief notes on the following:

Extraction by ion-pair formation

Stationary phase in HPLC

HETP and its significance in Chromatography

Explain the basic features of ion exchange mechanism. How are the ion exchangers classified Give an example for each type.

Explain, why Al(NO3)3 is a better salting out agent than NH4NOa.

Explain the term 'Retention Time' with the help of a plot. What are the consequences when the retention factor is too small, and too large?

Explain Rf value and various factors affecting it.

Distinguish between 'Electrophoresis buffer' and 'Loading buffer'. How are these used in DNA gel electrophoresis?

State the advantages of Supercritical Chromatography.

State Henry's law. Explain why this law is not valid in the case of GLC.

Distinguish between 'Resolution factor' and 'Separation factor'. How are the two related?