FINAL EXAM NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS
JUNE 2018

POSSESSION/USE OF CELL PHONES OR ANY SUCH ELECTRONIC GADGETS IS NOT PERMITTED INSIDE THE EXAMINATION HALL.
RADIOTHERAPY
PAPER-IV
RTH/J/18/41/IV
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks:100
Important Instructions:
Attempt all questions in order.
Each question carries 10 marks.
Read the question carefully and answer to the point neatly and legibly.
Do not leave any blank pages between two answers.
Indicate the question number correctly for the answer in the margin space
Answer all the parts of a single question together.
Start the answer to a question on a fresh page or leave adequate space between two answers.
Draw table/diagrams/flowcharts wherever appropriate.
Write short notes on:
1. Describe the phases of cell cycle.
What is the effect of X-rays on synchronously dividing cells
with regard to the cell cycle?
What is the effect of oxygen at various phases of the cell
cycle?
Molecular checkpoint genes and cell cycle.

2. Name the three interactions of X-rays with matter.
What is Compton effect?
Why Compton effect is preferred in radiotherapy and not in
Radiodiagnosis?

3. ICRU target volumes in external beam radiotherapy.
ICRU-89 volumes for image based brachytherapy in cancer
cervix.
6+4
4. What are the quantities and units used for radiation
protection purposes?
Compare stochastic effects and non-stochastic effects.
Radiation dose limits for radiation workers, pregnant women
and lay public.

5. Distinguish between radio sensitivity, radio responsiveness
and radio curability.
What factors can modulate radio sensitivity?
How is radiation induced damage measured in the cellular
and organ systems?

6. What are Radio sensitizers?
Describe the types of radio-sensitizers that have found
practical use in clinical radiotherapy.
Results of Meta-analysis of trials addressing problem of
hypoxia.
ARCON trial

P.T.O.
FINAL EXAM NATIONAL BOARD OF EXAMINATIONS
JUNE 2018

POSSESSION/USE OF CELL PHONES OR ANY SUCH ELECTRONIC GADGETS IS NOT PERMITTED INSIDE THE EXAMINATION HALL.
7. Discuss hyperthermia with regard to:
Methods of local heating
Mechanism of hyperthermia
Thermotolerance
Hyperthermia and its interaction with chemotherapeutic
agents
Human applications any 2 sites.

8. What are the radionuclides and their properties that are used
for diagnosis and imaging?
What is the role of radionuclides that are used for the
diagnosis and management of multiple bone metastases?
3+7
9. With regard to proton therapy:
Rationale and radiobiological basis for proton beam therapy.
Name the two ways in which the beam spreading is done.
What are the dose calculation algorithms used?
What are the potential application of Proton Beam Therapy
in clinical practice?
Clinical evidence for Proton Therapy with regard to efficacy
and toxicity and comparative effectiveness.

10. What is meant by conventional fractionation in
Radiotherapy?
Outline various altered fractionation schedules that are used
in head and neck cancers.
Outline evidence for altered fractionation schedules in head
and neck cancers.