1. A load cell shown in the following figure is formed of a hollow steel cylinder loaded axially. The four strain gauges are so connected as to enhance the signal and compensate for temperature variation. The load cell has a cross-sectional area of 2 cm^2. Young's modulus of steel is 2·07 x 10^11 and Poisson's ratio is 0·3. Strain gauge resistance 1000 n. Gauge factor 2·1. The current in each strain gauge is limited to 20 mA.

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Calculate the Bridge supply voltage, and the current in the detector arm, if a microammeter of 500 n is used and the load cell is subjected to a force of 10^5 N.

2.(a) List all optical devices used in vibration measurement. Explain anyone in detail.
How is the calibration of vibration measuring devices carried out Explain.

3.(a) List various non-electric methods which can be used in the measurement of temperature. Explain any one of them. What are electrical resistance thermometers Describe the uses of thermistors in temperature measurement.

4.(a) Explain the working of spark atomic spectro-analyser.
List various direct and indirect methods used for level measurement. Describe any one direct method.

5.(a) Discuss the performance characteristics of measuring devices.
What do you mean by hysteresis Discuss its effect on the measurement process.

6.(a) What is signal conditioning? Explain.
Discuss summing amplifier and integrating amplifier.

7. Write short notes on any four of the following
Errors in Measurement Calibration of Measuring Instruments Analog-to-Digital Converter Vibration Processing and Display Equipment Optical Pyrometry